# Advanced Concepts

At IONOS, we believe AI is transforming the way we interact with technology and each other. Through our AI Model Hub, we offer a variety of [<mark style="color:blue;">AI models</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/models) and [<mark style="color:blue;">How-Tos</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/how-tos) to help you get started quickly.

We introduce several advanced concepts to help you better understand and apply AI technologies.

## Concept 1: Embeddings

Embeddings are layers in deep learning models representing data in a lower-dimensional space. Although they do not make the final prediction themselves, embeddings can help identify semantically similar objects — crucial for tasks such as recommendation, clustering, and search.

**Key learnings**

* Understand the basic idea behind embeddings.
* Learn how to use embeddings to measure semantic similarity.

For more information, see [<mark style="color:blue;">Embeddings</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/advanced-concepts/embeddings).

## Concept 2: Tool Calling

Large Language Models are trained on historical data, so their built-in knowledge ends at a specific cutoff point. To extend their capabilities, you can use a technique called [<mark style="color:blue;">Tool Calling</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/advanced-concepts/tool-calling).

**Tool calling** allows a model to access external tools—such as APIs, databases, or custom functions—at runtime. Developers define the available tools in the model's prompt, and the model learns to decide when to use a tool versus when to answer based on its internal knowledge. This enables language models to work with up-to-date, private, or computational information they couldn't otherwise access.

**Key learnings**

* Understand how tool calling extends a model’s functionality beyond its training data.
* Learn what tool calling enables and where its limitations lie.

For more information, see [<mark style="color:blue;">Tool Calling</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/advanced-concepts/tool-calling).

If you want to see our AI Model Hub in action, see [<mark style="color:blue;">How-Tos</mark>](https://docs.ionos.com/sections-test/guides/ai/ai-model-hub/how-tos)!