Overview
DBaaS for PostgreSQL is fully integrated into the Data Center Designer and has a dedicated API. You may also launch it through the automation tools like Terraform and Ansible.
Compatibility: DBaaS gives you access to the capabilities of the PostgreSQL database engine. This means that the code, applications, and tools you already use today with your existing databases can be used with DBaaS. IONOS Cloud supports PostgreSQL versions 14 and 15.
Locations: As of December 2022, DBaaS is offered in all IONOS Cloud Locations.
Features
Scalable: Fully managed clusters that can be scaled on demand.
High availability: Multi-node clusters with automatic node failure handling.
Security: Communication between clients and the cluster is encrypted using TLS certificates from Let's Encrypt.
Upgrades: Customer-defined maintenance windows, with minimal disruption due to planned failover (approx. few seconds for multi-node clusters).
Backup: Base backups are carried out daily, with Point-in-Time recovery for one week.
Cloning: Customers also have the option to clone clusters through backups.
Restore: Databases can be restored in place or to a different target cluster.
Resources: Offered on Enterprise VM, with a dedicated CPU, storage, and RAM. Storage options are SSD or HDD, with SSD now including encryption-at-rest.
Network: DBaaS supports private LANs.
Extensions: DBaaS supports several PostgreSQL Extensions.
DBaaS services offered by IONOS Cloud
All back-end operations required to maintain your database in optimal operational health is supported along with the follwoing actions:
Database installation through the DCD or the DBaaS API.
Pre-set database configuration and configuration management options.
Automation of backups for a period of 7 days.
Regular patches and upgrades during maintenance.
Disaster recovery through automated backup.
Service monitoring: both for the database and the underlying infrastructure.
Customer database administration duties
Tasks related to the optimal health of the database remain the responsibility of the customer. These include:
Optimisation
Data organisation
Creation of indexes
Updating statistics
Consultation of access plans to optimize queries
Logs: The logs that are generated by a database are stored on the same disk as the database. We provide logs for connections, disconnections, waiting for locks, DDL statements, any statement that ran for at least 500 ms, and any statement that caused an error. An option to change this configuration is not available. For more information, refer to the PostgreSQL Documentation.
To conserve disk space, log files are rotated according to size. Logs should not consume more than 175 MB of disk storage. The files are continuously monitored, and log messages are shipped to a central storage location with a 30-day retention policy. For more information, see Access Logs.
Write-Ahead Logs: PostgreSQL uses Write Ahead Logs (WAL) for continuous archiving and point-in-time recovery. These logs are created in addition to the regular logs.
Every change to the database is recorded in the WAL record. WALs are generated along with daily base backups and offer a consistent snapshot of the database as it was at that time. WALs and backups are automatically deleted after 7 days, which is the earliest point in time you can recover from. For more information, refer to the PostgreSQL Documentation.
Password encryption: Client libraries must support SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication. Make sure to use an up-to-date client library.
Connection encryption: All client connections are encrypted using TLS; the default SSL mode is prefer and clients cannot disable it.
Server certificates are issued by Let's Encrypt and the root certificate is ISRG Root X1. This needs to be made available to the client for verify-ca and verify-full to function.
Certificates are issued for the DNS name of the cluster which is assigned automatically during creation and will look similar to pg-abc123.postgresql.de-txl.ionos.com. It is available through the IONOS API as the dnsName property of the cluster resource.
Here is how to verify the certificate using the psql command line tool:
curl https://crt.sh/?d=9314791 > ca.crt
export PGSSLROOTCERT=$(pwd)/ca.crt
export PGSSLMODE=verify-full
psql -h pg-abc123.postgresql.de-txl.ionos.com -U dbadmin postgresResource usage
Calculating RAM Requirements: The RAM size must be chosen carefully. There is 1 GB of RAM reserved to capture resource reservation for OS system daemons. Additionally, internal services and tools use up to 500 MB of RAM. To choose a suitable RAM size, the following formula must be used.
ram_size = base_consumption + X * work_mem + shared_buffers
The
base_consumptionand reservation of internal services is approximately 1500 MB.X is the number of parallel connections. The value
work_memis set to 8 MB by default.The
shared_buffersis set to about 15% of the total RAM.
Calculating disk requirements
The requested disk space is used to store all the data that Postgres is working with, incl. database logs and WAL segments. Each Postgres instance has its storage (of the configured size). The operating system and applications are kept separately (outside of the configured storage) and are managed by IONOS.
If the disk runs full Postgres will reject write requests. Make sure that you order enough margin to keep the Postgres cluster operational. You can monitor the storage utilization in DCD.
WAL segments: In normal operation mode, older WAL files will be deleted once they have been replicated to the other instances and backed up to archive. If either of the two shipments is slow or failing then WAL files will be kept until the replicas and archive catch up again. Account for enough margin, especially for databases with high write load.
Log files: Database log files (175 MB) and auxiliary service log files (~100 MB) are stored on the same disk as the database.
Limitations
Connection Limits: The value for max_connections is calculated based on RAM size.
RAM Size
max_connections
4GB
384
5GB
512
6GB
640
7GB
768
8GB
896
> 8GB
1000
The superuser needs to maintain the state and integrity of the database, which is why the platform reserves 11 connections for internal use: connections for superusers, see superuser_reserved_connections for replication.
Backups: Storing cluster backups in an IONOS S3 Object Storage is limited to the last 7 days.
IP Ranges: The following IP ranges cannot be used with our PostgreSQL services:
10.208.0.0/1210.233.0.0/18192.168.230.0/2410.233.64.0/18
Performance considerations
Database instances are placed in the same location as your specified LAN, so network performance should be comparable to other machines in your LAN.
Estimates: A test with pgbench (scaling factor 1000, 20 connections, duration 300 seconds, not showing detailed logs) and a single small instance (2 cores, 4 GB RAM, 20 GB HDD) resulted in around 830 transactions per second (read and write mixed) and 1100 transactions per second (read-only). For a larger instance (4 cores, 8 GB RAM, 600GB Premium SSD) the results were around 3400 (read and write) and 19000 (read-only) transactions per second. The database was initialized using pgbench -i -s 1000 -h <ip> -U <username> <dbname>. For benchmarking the command line used was pgbench -c 20 -T 300 -h <ip> -U <username> <dbname> for the read/write tests, and pgbench -c 20 -T 300 -S -h <ip> -U <username> <dbname> for the read-only tests.
Resource allocation
The database resources allocated for your user contract are displayed in Resource allocation. The resources refer to the Postgres Clusters, number of CPU cores, RAM, and Storage databases quota:
16 CPU Cores
32 GB RAM
10 database clusters
1500 GB Disk Space
5 instances within each cluster
You can view the number of resources that are available and can be used, and the number of resources already consumed. You can allocate resources when creating a database cluster based on the available resources. For resource allocation, contact IONOS Cloud Support.
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